Why do some people seem to succeed at pushing themselves
(even when they don’t really feel like working out) and others seem to
struggle?
Dr. David E. Conroy published an article in the Journal of
Sport & Exercise Psychology about this very topic. College students were asked to rate their
intention to work out at the beginning of the week, then wear a pedometer to
track their actual level of physical fitness.
Dr. Conroy and his colleagues found that the more intent the student in
working out, and the more motivation they had, the more likely they were to
work out. Dr. Conroy states, “it is
important to pay attention to how we can sustain a high level of motivation and
not just let that motivation degrade in response to all the external demands we
face.” Well that’s great doctor, but
how?
I’ve researched some recently published studies on motivation and summarized them
below.
The runner’s high:
An endocanabinoid, called anandamide, was found to be released into the
bloodstream after hitting a level of exercise intensity in humans and
dogs. Anandamide creates a happier state
of mind and is also thought to increase motivation in itself. Once this threshold is reached, exercisers
may be motivated by the rewarding sensation and by the feelings of motivation
created. The release of anandamide is a
win/win.
Autonomous/Controlled: These are the two types of motivation. Autonomous refers to self. This is the type of motivation we experience
because of our own reasoning, such as coming up with personal reasons to
workout or feeling that working out is the best way to help your current
situation. Controlled motivation is the
type of motivation that comes from outside sources. For example, feeling pressure from a spouse
or a feeling of guilt for not doing what you know you “should” be doing. Several studies have found that autonomous
motivation is the key to long-term success.
Self-perceived
ability: One study
measured the level of success in correlation to the participant’s level of
confidence in performing certain exercises.
The authors of the study found that those with a higher level of
self-perceived ability (whether true or not) tended to do better than those
with lower perceived ability.
Small area: Another
study found that when thinking about how much they’ve accomplished versus how
far they have left to go, people are more successful if they focus on whichever
area is smaller. If you’re just starting
out, then focusing on how much you’ve accomplished so far will make each step
in the right direction seem like a huge leap.
This line of thinking may give motivation to keep taking leaps. Conversely, if you’ve been working out for a
long time and are close to your goal, it may be more motivational to focus on
the few steps you have left to go (instead of on how far you’ve come).
Loss aversion:
This refers to our tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. When trying to drum up some motivation,
consider thinking about the potential losses if you don’t go to the gym today. You’ll lose that good feeling afterward, you
may lose self-control around foods you wouldn’t normally be tempted by, and
worse, you could lose motivation to go to the gym the next day and so on…
So, what’s the takeaway? We’re all similar in that we all have days (or
weeks!) that we don’t feel like getting ourselves into the gym, but we may find
motivation in very different places.
Here are some tricks to use in getting yourself up off the couch:
- If you’ve experienced it, remember
the rush of happiness you felt when you’ve pushed yourself to an intense level
- Go over the personal reasons
you’ve come up with for working out
- Tell yourself that you’re able to
do any workout that may be presented in today’s bootcamp/SPI FIT class/personal
training session
- Focus on either how far you’ve
come (lost 5 lbs or walked an extra mile!) or how little you have let to go
(only 5 lbs until I hit my goal weight or just 2 mins more off my time!),
whichever is less
- Think about what you stand to lose
by not working out instead of what you might gain (a bit counter intuitive,
isn’t it?)
What about you? If
you’re a regular, what advice would you give to someone struggling with
motivation? If you don’t exercise as
much as you think you should, what struggles with motivation have you experienced?
Summaries derived from
articles obtained at sciencedaily.com, which sites the following sources:
David E. Conroy, Steriani
Elavsky, Amanda L. Hyde, Shawna E. Doerksen. The Dynamic Nature of
Physical Activity Intentions: A Within-Person Perspective on Intention-Behavior
Coupling. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 2011; 33 (6):
807-827 [link]
Minjung Koo and Ayelet
Fishbach. The
Small-Area Hypothesis: Effects of Progress Monitoring on Goal Adherence. Journal of Consumer Research, October 2012 (in press)
Vikram S. Chib, Benedetto
De Martino, Shinsuke Shimojo, John P. O'Doherty. Neural Mechanisms
Underlying Paradoxical Performance for Monetary Incentives Are Driven by Loss
Aversion. Neuron, 2012; 74 (3): 582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.038
Jordan Etkin and Rebecca K.
Ratner. Goal
Pursuit, Now and Later: Temporal Compatibility of Different versus Similar
Means. Journal of Consumer
Research, February 2013
David A. Raichlen, Adam D.
Foster, Gregory L. Gerdeman, Alexandre Seillier and Andrea Giuffrida. Wired to run:
exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with
implications for the ‘runner’s high’. Journal
of Experimental Biology, 2012 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.063677
Kelly H. Webber, Deborah F.
Tate, Dianne S. Ward, J. Michael Bowling. Motivation and Its
Relationship to Adherence to Self-monitoring and Weight Loss in a 16-week
Internet Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2010; DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.001
K. M. Flegal, M. D.
Carroll, C. L. Ogden, L. R. Curtin. Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US
Adults, 1999-2008. JAMA: The Journal of
the American Medical Association,
2010; 303 (3): 235 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.2014
Sai Yi Pan, Christine
Cameron, Marie DesMeules, Howard Morrison, Cora LYNN Craig and Xiaohong Jiang. Individual, Social
Environmental, and Physical Environmental Correlates with Physical Activity
among Canadians: a Cross-sectional Study. BMC
Public Health, (in press)